Most D. recens females remate within a few days and use the sperm of multiple males to sire https://datingranking.net/gay-hookup/ their offspring. We found that the proportion of females that produced both wild-type and dark-eyed offspring, indicative of multiple mating, increased with the number of days the flies were held together ( ? 5 2 = 27 , p < 0.0001), and that this was owing to a lower number of multiply mated females in the 1-day treatment (? 2 = 20, p < 0.0001; figure 3; electronic supplementary material, figure S7). Whether the wild-type eyed males in the cage were ST or SR did not affect this pattern ( ? 6 2 = 10 , p = 0.13). Using the occurrence of mixed broods is a conservative estimate of remating rate, as we cannot detect when females mate with males of the same eye colour genotype or mate twice but do not use the sperm of both malesbining SR and ST cages within each day, when flies are kept together for 24 h, 20% of females produced mixed broods, indicating they mated with both dark and wild-type males. This suggests that about 40% of females mated at least twice within 24 h, because we only detected half of the broods produced from double matings (95% CI 0.32–0.47). 66% mated at least twice) and increased to approximately 50% after 3 days, suggesting that all of the females had mated twice (figure 3).
In the event the a woman mates twice and every mating has been an excellent arbitrary male, 1 / 2 of enough time she would be expected so you’re able to mate with one another ebony and you will wild-form of guys (and you will 50 % of the time she’d companion which have one or two wild-style of or a couple ebony-eyed people)
Profile step 3. Paternity analyses regarding the spunk battle cage check out mean people partner multiply. Found ‘s the tiny fraction of women one to delivered both ebony and you can wild-sorts of girls and boys, demonstrating they had mated that have each other type of boys, broke up because of the quantity of weeks the fresh new flies happened together with her while the male tester genotype (SR otherwise ST). The brand new error pubs suggest the fresh new 95% binomial believe period. (Online adaptation for the the colour.)
Such analysis also have here is how women explore jizz. If the people one to mate more double make use of the cum of those boys similarly, up coming really or all the female should ultimately sire mixed broods. This is because whenever a woman friends multiply and you will uses the brand new sperm of the many regarding their friends just as, the possibility you to she provides little ones sired from the letter boys from an equivalent types of = (1/2) (n?1) , where letter is the quantity of matings. Notably, so it count easily declines to help you zero since the letter becomes high. However, we observe that the regularity of females generating mixed broods membership of as much as 50% (profile step 3). This suggests the effective quantity of friends this kind of lady is actually letter = dos hence lady just use the fresh spunk of one’s last a few guys it mated having.
New ratio of women you to definitely brought blended broods risen up to 33% immediately after two days (approx
We find that in conditions of sperm competition, SR males sire fewer offspring than ST males. In cages where flies were kept together for 2, 3, 4 or 6 days, ST males sired a greater proportion of the offspring than SR males (each p < 0.05; figure 4). The fraction of offspring by SR versus ST males did not differ significantly in cages where flies were kept together for 1 or 10 days (each p > 0.05). In the cages where the flies were kept together for 1 day, the dark males sired more offspring regardless of the SR status of the tester wild-type males (figure 4); it is unclear why this is because our mating experiments described above found no preference of dark females for dark males. This effect goes away after day 1, where all of the cages with ST tester males have approximately 50% wild-type offspring, as expected if there was no preference for male eye colour.