Grams. Belinskii, A beneficial. We. Herzen, and you will N. G. Chernyshevskii contacted an excellent materialist dialectic. In contrast to Hegel, they derived revolutionary findings throughout the ideas out-of endless activity and you may development: for them dialectic is the fresh new “algebra regarding wave” (select A beneficial. I. Herzen, Sobr. soch. vol. 9, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois beliefs just after Hegel became from the victory throughout the section of dialectic that had been hit in beliefs. Hegels dialectic was refused by a number of philosophers due to the fact “sophistry,” an enthusiastic “mistake inside the logic,” plus a good “diseased perversion from attention” (R. Haym, An excellent. Trendelenburg, and you will Elizabeth. von Hartmann). On the Neo-Kantianism of your own Marburg University (H. Cohen, P. ” Neo-Hegelianism arrived at brand new very-called negative dialectic, asserting the contradictions revealed inside the rules attest into the nonreality, or “seemingness,” of its stuff. The unity from opposites was replaced from the good unity regarding coexisting, secondary elements in the interests of reaching a consolidation of knowledge (F. Bradley). Dialectic also came up because the a mixing out-of opposites, with the aid of absolute instinct (B. Croce, Roentgen. Kroner, and that i. An effective. Ilin). H. Bergson advanced a request toward unreasonable and you may purely instinctive merging off opposites, a combo is treated since good “magic.” Within the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) new dialectic are realized relativistically, since the an around opportunity construction of understanding. Nature is generally accepted as the latest sphere off “positivist reasoning,” whereas neighborhood is known as “dialectical reason,” hence comes their beliefs from person consciousness in addition to individual basic experiences off human beings. Other existentialists (Grams. Marcel, Meters. Buber) lose dialectic theologically, while the a taimi network out-of questions and you will answers between understanding and being. Facts out of a negative dialectic conceived due to the fact an entire denial out of truth rather than leading to a different synthesis have been developed because of the T. Adorno and H. Marcuse.
A continuously materialist translation regarding dialectic try available with K. Marx and F. Engels, new creators of your own philosophy of dialectical materialism. After significantly going over this new triumph from before dialectic, Marx and Engels used their doctrine towards the reworking of values, political cost savings, and you will records and to the origin out of an insurance plan and you can systems for the experts movement. V. We. Lenin made an outstanding contribution on development of materialist dialectic. The brand new classics from Marxism-Leninism admiration materialist dialectic once the philosophy from common interconnections and you may probably the most standard regulations out of growth of becoming and you can thought.
Natorp) the fresh dialectic away from “conceptual ideas” try replaced because of the “reasoning of one’s mathematical thought of function,” hence lead to a good negation of your concept of material and you will so you can “bodily idealism
For the characterizing dialectic, Engels blogged: “Head laws: conversion process out-of quantity and you may top quality-mutual entrance off polar opposites and you may sales into the one another when transmitted in order to extremes; innovation through contradiction, or negation off negation; [and] the latest spiral particular development” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p. 1). Regulations of the unity and you may disagreement regarding opposites takes up good unique put one of all guidelines of the dialectic; Lenin named they this new central center of your own dialectic.
Materialist dialectic is shown in a system from groups and you may statutes
The principle of common interconnection out of phenomena try appointed because of the Lenin as among the fundamentals of your dialectic. Which the next methodological achievement: so you can truly see an object, you have to grab it and read they out of all corners, with all of their interconnections and you may mediacies. When you look at the characterizing dialectic just like the reduction one to repeats, as it had been, amount having started enacted by way of but repeats him or her within the a unique means, for the a higher foundation (the brand new negation off negation); a reports, so to speak, one to proceeds inside spirals, maybe not into the a straight-line; a news of the leaps, catastrophes, and you may designs; break in continuity; the sales out-of numbers to the quality; internal impulses toward development, imparted by the contradiction and you will argument of the numerous forces and tendencies pretending up on certain muscles, or contained in this a given community; the interdependence while the nearest and you will indissoluble connection of all elements of any event … a connection that provide good uniform and you will universal procedure of actions, one which observe chosen regulations; some of the attributes of dialectics, because the a damage that’s wealthier versus traditional you to” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. twenty six, p. 55).